C1-C2 Grammar
Browse all C1-C2 Grammar lessons with examples, explanations, and practice quizzes.
Advanced Reported Speech: Backshift, Viewpoint and Distance
Control tense backshift, deictic changes, reporting stance, and mixed-time reference in sophisticated reported speech.
Present Simple and Continuous: Viewpoint and Stance
Use present simple and continuous forms to shape viewpoint, temporariness, evaluation, and changing situations.
Present Forms in Narrative and Commentary
Use present simple and continuous forms in live commentary, plot summaries, demonstrations, and vivid narrative sequencing.
Narrative Time: Past Simple and Past Perfect
Manage chronological order, flashback, and return to the narrative time line with past simple and past perfect forms.
Past Continuous and Past Simple in Narrative
Layer background, simultaneous activity, interruption, and foreground events with past continuous and past simple forms.
Past Perfect and Past Simple: Sequence and Focus
Choose between past perfect and past simple when order is explicit, inferred, or deliberately foregrounded.
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous: Result or Process
Contrast result, completion, duration, repetition, and temporary evidence with present perfect simple and continuous forms.
Past Perfect Continuous
Use the past perfect continuous to look back from a past reference point at an earlier activity, duration, or explanatory process.
Will and Be Going To: Evidence, Intention and Prediction
Choose will or be going to by considering prior intention, present evidence, spontaneous decision, stance, and prediction source.
Be To + Infinitive: Formal Plans, Instructions and Fate
Use be to + infinitive for formal arrangements, official instructions, conditions, and later events viewed from the past.
May and Might: Degrees of Possibility and Distance
Use may and might for present, future, and past possibility while controlling modal distance, concession, and tentative suggestion.
Using Passives for Focus, Process and Responsibility
Use passive constructions to manage information flow, foreground affected participants, describe processes, and handle agency responsibly.
Passive Reporting: It Is Said That and Subject Passives
Form impersonal and personal passive reporting structures with simple, continuous, and perfect infinitives.
Advanced Wh-Questions: Form, Choice and Register
Form precise wh-questions with who, whom, whose, which, and how, including preposition placement and embedded structures.
Negative, Echo and That-Clause Questions
Use negative questions, echo questions, and questions about that-clauses to express expectation, surprise, challenge, and clarification.